Futures trading is all about trading Futures Contracts. Just what is a Futures Contract and how does it trade? A Futures Contract, also known as a “Forward” Contract, or even a cash forward sale, is a contract between a buyer interested in a specific product, and a seller intent on supplying the product on a future date for a specified price. Futures Contracts are formal agreements, obligating both the buyer and seller. Futures Trading is known as a zero sum game. Every dollar made by the buyer is a loss to the seller and vice versa. Prices that are too high or too low…either the buyer or the seller profits, but at the expense of the other. For example, if soy prices rise, the farmer benefits but the soy milk manufacturer suffers. If soy prices fall, the farmer suffers, but the soy milk manufacturer’s bottom line does better.

Futures trading takes place in two different ways. Commodities are traded at a Futures exchange, on the floor like at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), where there are open outcry pits. But Futures trading can also be done “electronically,” with an internet connection, where individual investors place their buy and sell orders straight from their desktop trading platforms, like Tradestation.

There are 2 types of Futures traders: hedgers and speculators. A trader who is a hedger would be a farmer, manufacturer, importer, or exporter. Hedgers create futures positions for the purpose of reducing the risk that the price of their commodity may fall. For example, a soy farmer knows his crop will be harvested in August. He negotiates a soy futures contract before the harvest at the current price in July for delivery in September, after the harvest. In July, the price of soy is high because of limited supply. Should the price of soy fall in September (when the contract comes due), because of a bumper crop, the farmers’ price is already protected. Of coarse, the farmer is taking a risk. Should there be no bumper crop in September, the price of soy would rise even further but the farmer is already be obligated to deliver soy at the price negotiated in July. He would lose the additional profit. In September there could be a bumper crop and the price of soy is lower than his July price. In this case he wins.

Speculators want to be trading Futures to earn a profit, not to protect the price of their commodity. Speculators actually embody the majority of traders in almost all markets. Speculators are able to assume risk. They hope that if they buy low, they can sell high by going long. Oppositely, speculators can sell high and later buy back low, going short. As an example, say the pork belly speculator knows that there has been a virus and pork bellies will be limited in September. The speculator is happy to buy the pork bellies Futures contracts in May at the current price. He is betting that the price of pork bellies will skyrocket and he will make a fortune in September after the small roundup. Speculators give the Futures Market liquidity that is needed. Without speculators, no one would accept the other half of the hedger’s contracts. As in the example above, the farmer sells the pork bellies to the speculator in May for the current price. The speculator assumes risk, hoping that by September, the delivery date, the price of pork bellies has risen back up and he can make a profit at the farmer’s expense. What he really doesn’t want to happen is that in September, the price of pork bellies goes down, meaning that he paid far too much, and he is the loser.

Before there were organized Futures exchanges like the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), Futures trading was much more risky. Contracts were written between one farmer and one speculator. The contracts were signed wherever the farmer happened to be selling his produce, like in farmers markets. There were many problems with individual contracts. First of all, either the farmer or the speculator could default on the contract. Who would ensure payment? If the speculator was going to lose his shirt, he would not pay for the contract. If the farmer saw that the price of soy had skyrocketed, he would default and sell the soy on the open market. Moreover, as contracts were between individuals, the speculator was not allowed to sell his contract to any other speculator because the contract was specifically created for that one speculator. Another problem was, who would certify the quality of the delivery? Farmers could fulfill their end of the contract with lower grade soy. What could the speculator do about it.

Since the coming of organized exchanges, it became the responsibility of the exchange to certify delivery, quality, and payment. Exchanges now require good-faith money with a third party to ensure contract performance,thereby reducing the number of contract defaults. Exchanges were also able to standardize contracts, stipulating terms, such as commodity delivery dates and product grades.

Organized exchanges have taken Futures trading far beyond buying and selling of just commodity contracts like corn, wheat, rice, soy or pork bellies. Today, there are futures contracts for several different asset classes, including energies, treasuries, currencies and equities. Futures belong to an asset class called “derivatives,” securities whose prices are derived from one or more underlying assets. As an example, the S&P 500 Futures Contract underlying asset is the New York Stock Exchange’s (NYSE) S&P 500 Index. The S&P 500 Index is one of the most intensely watched equity indexes around the world. The index represents the top 500 well recognized stocks that are now traded on the NYSE. Here is the difficulty with the S&P index, however…you cannot trade the Index. The CME devised the S&P 500 Futures Contract that you are able to trade. As with the case of the S&P 500 Futures Contract, when the value of the S&P 500 Index inflates, the S&P 500 Futures Contract inflates with it, and vice versa.

There are also future derivatives whose underlying asset is a currency index. For smaller investors, the Currency Futures Market is created for the few contracts that individual investors intend to trade. Trading with Currency Futures, individual investors can trade the exact same dollars/euros that are being traded in the Forex market, but trade them on the CME.

Shadowtraders specialty is in training individual investors how to be Trading Futures. Most of the other Futures education companies can only train investors in trading the S&P 500 Futures Contract, and in particular, the Emini, earmarked towards individual traders. Shadowtraders is much more interested in presenting to its clients a variety of different Futures, including energies, treasuries, currencies, etc. We trade many assets, all of which have liquidity and volatility. For example, we know the days of the week that a particular Future trades, the times of day it is easiest to trade, how many contracts are traded for that, whether or not you can even trade it, etc. That is Shadowtraders expertise.

If you are tired of just trading the S&P 500 Emini, or you are new at the Futures trading game and want to find out more, attend a Shadowtraders Webinar on Monday nights.

Barbara Cohen has been a professional day trader for over 10 years and is the CIO of Shadowtraders. She has trained hundreds of students to trade the Futures Market with Shadowtraders trading seminar. Before you purchase any trading course, make sure you attend Shadowtraders Monday Night Webinar, and hosted by Barbara Cohen

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